Which Group of Artists Used Readymades in Their Creation of Art?

Technique of fine art production using assemblage of different forms

Not to be dislocated with Higher.

Collage (, from the French: coller, "to glue" or "to stick together";^[1]) is a technique of art cosmos, primarily used in the visual arts, simply in music too, past which art results from an assemblage of different forms, thus creating a new whole. (Compare with pastiche, which is a "pasting" together.)

A collage may sometimes include mag and paper clippings, ribbons, paint, bits of colored or handmade papers, portions of other artwork or texts, photographs and other found objects, glued to a piece of paper or sheet. The origins of collage tin be traced back hundreds of years, but this technique made a dramatic reappearance in the early 20th century equally an art form of novelty.

The term Papier collé was coined by both Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso in the kickoff of the 20th century when collage became a distinctive office of modern art.^[two]

History [edit]

Early precedents [edit]

Techniques of collage were outset used at the fourth dimension of the invention of paper in Prc, effectually 200 BC. The use of collage, however, wasn't used by many people until the tenth century in Japan, when calligraphers began to apply glued newspaper, using texts on surfaces, when writing their poems.^[3] Some surviving pieces from this mode are found in the collection of Nishi Hongan-ji— many volumes of the Sanju Rokunin Kashu.

The technique of collage appeared in medieval Europe during the 13th century. Gold leaf panels started to exist applied in Gothic cathedrals around the 15th and 16th centuries. Gemstones and other precious metals were applied to religious images, icons, and also, to coats of artillery.^[3] An 18th-century instance of collage art can be found in the work of Mary Delany. In the 19th century, collage methods as well were used among hobbyists for memorabilia (due east.one thousand. applied to photo albums) and books (due east.g. Hans Christian Andersen, Carl Spitzweg).^[3] Many institutions have attributed the beginnings of the practice of collage to Picasso and Braque in 1912, however, early on Victorian photocollage suggest collage techniques were expert in the early 1860s.^[4] Many institutions recognize these works equally memorabilia for hobbyists, though they functioned as a facilitator of Victorian aloof commonage portraiture, proof of female erudition, and presented a new mode of creative representation that questioned the way in which photography is truthful. In 2009, curator Elizabeth Siegel organized the exhibition: Playing with Pictures ^[5] at the Art Institute Chicago to acknowledge collage works by Alexandra of Kingdom of denmark and Mary Georgina Filmer amongst others. The exhibition afterward traveled to The Metropolitan Museum of Art^[6] and The Art Gallery of Ontario.

Collage and modernism [edit]

Hannah Höch, Cutting with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-Abdomen Cultural Epoch in Deutschland, 1919, collage of pasted papers, 90x144 cm, Staatliche Museum, Berlin.

Despite the pre-twentieth-century utilize of collage-like awarding techniques, some fine art authorities argue that collage, properly speaking, did not sally until after 1900, in conjunction with the early on stages of modernism.

For example, the Tate Gallery's online art glossary states that collage "was offset used as an artists' technique in the twentieth century".^[7] According to the Guggenheim Museum'due south online fine art glossary, collage is an artistic concept associated with the beginnings of modernism, and entails much more than the idea of gluing something onto something else. The glued-on patches which Braque and Picasso added to their canvases offered a new perspective on painting when the patches "collided with the surface plane of the painting".^[8] In this perspective, collage was part of a methodical reexamination of the relation between painting and sculpture, and these new works "gave each medium some of the characteristics of the other", co-ordinate to the Guggenheim essay. Furthermore, these chopped-up bits of newspaper introduced fragments of externally referenced meaning into the collision: "References to electric current events, such as the war in the Balkans, and to popular culture enriched the content of their fine art." This juxtaposition of signifiers, "at one time serious and tongue-in-cheek", was key to the inspiration behind collage: "Emphasizing concept and process over end production, collage has brought the incongruous into meaningful congress with the ordinary."^[8]

Collage in painting [edit]

Collage in the modernist sense began with Cubist painters Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso. Snippets and fragments of different and unrelated subject area matter made up Cubism collages, or papier collé, which gave them a deconstructed form and appearance.^[9] According to some sources, Picasso was the first to use the collage technique in oil paintings. According to the Guggenheim Museum's online article about collage, Braque took upward the concept of collage itself before Picasso, applying it to charcoal drawings. Picasso adopted collage immediately after (and could be the first to use collage in paintings, as opposed to drawings):

"It was Braque who purchased a roll of simulated oak-grain wallpaper and began cutting out pieces of the paper and attaching them to his charcoal drawings. Picasso immediately began to brand his ain experiments in the new medium."^[8]

In 1912 for his However Life with Chair Caning (Nature-morte à la chaise cannée),^[ten] Picasso pasted a patch of oilcloth with a chair-cane pattern onto the canvas of the piece.

Surrealist artists take made extensive use of collage and have swayed abroad from the notwithstanding-life focus of Cubists. Rather, in keeping with surrealism, surrealist artists such equally Joseph Cornell created collages consisting of fictional and foreign, dream-like scenes.^[9] Cubomania is a collage made by cutting an prototype into squares which are then reassembled automatically or at random. Collages produced using a similar, or perhaps identical, method are chosen etrécissements by Marcel Mariën from a method first explored by Mariën. Surrealist games such every bit parallel collage utilize collective techniques of collage making.

The Sidney Janis Gallery held an early on Pop Art exhibit called the New Realist Exhibition in November 1962, which included works by the American artists Tom Wesselmann, Jim Dine, Robert Indiana, Roy Lichtenstein, Claes Oldenburg, James Rosenquist, George Segal, and Andy Warhol; and Europeans such as Arman, Baj, Christo, Yves Klein, Festa, Mimmo Rotella, Jean Tinguely, and Schifano. Information technology followed the Nouveau Réalisme exhibition at the Galerie Rive Droite in Paris, and marked the international debut of the artists who soon gave rise to what came to be called Popular Art in Uk and The United States and Nouveau Réalisme on the European continent. Many of these artists used collage techniques in their piece of work. Wesselmann took function in the New Realist bear witness with some reservations,^[xi] exhibiting two 1962 works: However life #17 and Still life #22.

Some other technique is that of canvas collage, which is the awarding, typically with mucilage, of separately painted canvas patches to the surface of a painting's main canvass. Well known for use of this technique is British creative person John Walker in his paintings of the late 1970s, merely sail collage was already an integral part of the mixed media works of such American artists as Conrad Marca-Relli and Jane Frank by the early on 1960s. The intensely self-critical Lee Krasner also frequently destroyed her own paintings past cutting them into pieces, only to create new works of art by reassembling the pieces into collages.

Collage with wood [edit]

What may exist called wood collage is the ascendant feature in this 1964 mixed media painting past Jane Frank (1918–1986)

The woods collage is a type that emerged somewhat afterwards than paper collage. Kurt Schwitters began experimenting with wood collages in the 1920s afterwards already having given up painting for paper collages.^[12] The principle of wood collage is clearly established at to the lowest degree every bit early on equally his 'Merz Movie with Candle', dating from the mid to late 1920s.

In a sense, woods collage made its debut indirectly at the same time as paper collage, since according to the Guggenheim online, Georges Braque initiated use of paper collage by cutting out pieces of simulated oak-grain wallpaper and attaching them to his own charcoal drawings.^[8] Thus, the thought of gluing wood to a picture was implicit from the showtime, since the newspaper used was a commercial product manufactured to wait like wood.

It was during a fifteen-year period of intense experimentation showtime in the mid-1940s that Louise Nevelson evolved her sculptural wood collages, assembled from found scraps, including parts of article of furniture, pieces of wooden crates or barrels, and architectural remnants similar stair railings or moldings. Generally rectangular, very large, and painted black, they resemble gigantic paintings. Apropos Nevelson's Heaven Cathedral (1958), the Museum of Modernistic Art catalogue states, "Every bit a rectangular plane to exist viewed from the front, Heaven Cathedral has the pictorial quality of a painting..."^{[13] [14]} Yet such pieces also present themselves equally massive walls or monoliths, which tin can sometimes be viewed from either side, or even looked through.

Much wood collage art is considerably smaller in scale, framed and hung every bit a painting would exist. It unremarkably features pieces of wood, wood shavings, or scraps, assembled on a canvas (if at that place is painting involved), or on a wooden board. Such framed, movie-similar, forest-relief collages offer the artist an opportunity to explore the qualities of depth, natural colour, and textural multifariousness inherent in the textile, while drawing on and taking advantage of the language, conventions, and historical resonances that arise from the tradition of creating pictures to hang on walls. The technique of wood collage is also sometimes combined with painting and other media in a single work of art.

Frequently, what is called "wood collage fine art" uses only natural wood - such as driftwood, or parts of found and unaltered logs, branches, sticks, or bark. This raises the question of whether such artwork is collage (in the original sense) at all (see Collage and modernism). This is considering the early, paper collages were generally made from bits of text or pictures - things originally fabricated by people, and functioning or signifying in some cultural context. The collage brings these still-recognizable "signifiers" (or fragments of signifiers) together, in a kind of semiotic collision. A truncated wooden chair or staircase newel used in a Nevelson piece of work can as well exist considered a potential chemical element of collage in the same sense: information technology had some original, culturally determined context. Unaltered, natural wood, such as ane might find on a wood floor, arguably has no such context; therefore, the characteristic contextual disruptions associated with the collage thought, as it originated with Braque and Picasso, cannot really take place. (Driftwood is of grade sometimes ambiguous: while a piece of driftwood may in one case have been a piece of worked wood - for example, role of a send - information technology may exist so weathered past salt and sea that its by functional identity is nearly or completely obscured.)

Decoupage [edit]

Decoupage is a type of collage usually defined as a craft. Information technology is the procedure of placing a picture into an object for decoration. Decoupage can involve adding multiple copies of the same image, cutting and layered to add apparent depth. The flick is often coated with varnish or another sealant for protection.

In the early part of the 20th century, decoupage, like many other art methods, began experimenting with a less realistic and more abstruse fashion. 20th-century artists who produced decoupage works include Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. The most famous decoupage work is Matisse's Blue Nude Two.

At that place are many varieties on the traditional technique involving purpose fabricated 'glue' requiring fewer layers (often 5 or twenty, depending on the amount of paper involved). Cutouts are as well practical under glass or raised to requite a three-dimensional appearance according to the desire of the decouper. Currently decoupage is a popular handicraft.

The craft became known as découpage in France (from the verb découper, 'to cut out') as it attained not bad popularity during the 17th and 18th centuries. Many advanced techniques were developed during this fourth dimension, and items could take up to a year to complete due to the many coats and sandings applied. Some famous or aristocratic practitioners included Marie Antoinette, Madame de Pompadour, and Boyfriend Brummell. In fact the majority of decoupage enthusiasts attribute the kickoff of decoupage to 17th century Venice. However information technology was known before this fourth dimension in Asia.

The most probable origin of decoupage is thought to be E Siberian funerary art. Nomadic tribes would use cut out felts to decorate the tombs of their deceased. From Siberia, the practice came to China, and by the 12th century, cutting out newspaper was being used to decorate lanterns, windows, boxes and other objects. In the 17th century, Italy, especially in Venice, was at the forefront of trade with the Far Due east and it is generally thought that it is through these trade links that the cut out paper decorations made their style into Europe.

Photomontage [edit]

Collage made from photographs, or parts of photographs, is called photomontage. Photomontage is the process (and result) of making a composite photograph by cut and joining a number of other photographs. The composite film was sometimes photographed then that the last image is converted back into a seamless photographic print. The aforementioned method is accomplished today using epitome-editing software. The technique is referred to by professionals as compositing.

But what is it that makes today'due south homes so dissimilar, and so appealing? was created in 1956 for the catalogue of the This Is Tomorrow exhibition in London, England in which it was reproduced in black and white. In addition, the piece was used in posters for the exhibit.^[xv] Richard Hamilton has subsequently created several works in which he reworked the subject and composition of the pop art collage, including a 1992 version featuring a female bodybuilder. Many artists have created derivative works of Hamilton'southward collage. P. C. Helm made a year 2000 interpretation.^[16]

Other methods for combining pictures are also called photomontage, such as Victorian "combination printing", the printing from more than than 1 negative on a single piece of printing paper (e.g. O. One thousand. Rejlander, 1857), front end-project and computer montage techniques. Much every bit a collage is composed of multiple facets, artists besides combine montage techniques. Romare Bearden'due south (1912–1988) series of blackness and white "photomontage projections" is an example. His method began with compositions of newspaper, pigment, and photographs put on boards 8½ × 11 inches. Bearden fixed the imagery with an emulsion that he and then applied with handroller. Afterward, he enlarged the collages photographically.

The 19th century tradition of physically joining multiple images into a blended and photographing the results prevailed in press photography and offset lithography until the widespread employ of digital paradigm editing. Contemporary photo editors in magazines now create "paste-ups" digitally.

Creating a photomontage has, for the near part, become easier with the advent of estimator software such as Adobe Photoshop, Pixel prototype editor, and GIMP. These programs make the changes digitally, allowing for faster workflow and more precise results. They also mitigate mistakes past allowing the artist to "undo" errors. Notwithstanding some artists are pushing the boundaries of digital epitome editing to create extremely time-intensive compositions that rival the demands of the traditional arts. The current trend is to create pictures that combine painting,^[17] theatre, illustration and graphics in a seamless photographic whole.

Digital collage [edit]

Digital collage is the technique of using computer tools in collage creation to encourage chance associations of disparate visual elements and the subsequent transformation of the visual results through the employ of electronic media. It is unremarkably used in the creation of digital fine art using programs such as Photoshop.

Three-dimensional collage [edit]

A 3D collage is the art of putting birthday three-dimensional objects such as rocks, beads, buttons, coins, or even soil to form a new whole or a new object. Examples can include houses, dewdrop circles, etc.

Mosaic [edit]

It is the art of putting together or assembling of minor pieces of newspaper, tiles, marble, stones, etc. They are often found in cathedrals, churches, temples as a spiritual significance of interior pattern. Small pieces, commonly roughly quadratic, of rock or glass of different colors, known as tesserae, (diminutive tessellae), are used to create a pattern or movie.

eCollage [edit]

The term "eCollage" (electronic Collage) can be used for a collage created by using computer tools.

Collage artists [edit]

• Johannes Baader
• Johannes Theodor Baargeld
• Jeannie Baker
• Nick Bantock
• Hannelore Baron
• Romare Bearden
• April Bey
• Peter Blake
• Guy Bleus
• Umberto Boccioni
• Rita Boley Bolaffio
• Henry Botkin
• Pauline Boty
• Marking Bradford
• Georges Braque
• Alberto Burri
• Claude Cahun
• Reginald Example
• Peter Clarke
• Jess Collins
• Greg Colson
• Felipe Jesus Consalvos
• Joseph Cornell
• Amadeo de Souza Cardoso
• Eric Carle
• Njideka Akunyili Crosby
• Jim Dine
• Burhan Doğançay
• Magie Dominic
• Arthur G. Dove
• Jean Dubuffet
• Marcel Duchamp
• Lois Ehlert
• Max Ernst
• Nick Gentry
• Terry Gilliam
• Juan Gris
• Olena Golub
• George Grosz
• Raymond Hains
• Kenneth Halliwell
• Richard Hamilton
• Raoul Hausmann
• Damien Hirst
• Hannah Höch
• David Hockney
• Istvan Horkay
• Ray Johnson
• Peter Kennard
• Jiří Kolář
• Lee Krasner
• Barbara Kruger
• Ligel Lambert
• François Lanzi
• John Thou. Lawson
• Kazimir Malevich
• Conrad Marca-Relli
• Eugene J. Martin
• Henri Matisse
• John McHale
• Robert Motherwell
• Vik Muniz
• Wangechi Mutu
• Joseph Nechvatal
• Louise Nevelson
• Robert Nickle
• Eduardo Paolozzi
• Sergei Parajanov
• Claude Pélieu
• Francis Picabia
• Pablo Picasso
• Carl Plate
• David Plunkert
• Guillem Ramos-Poquí
• David Ratcliff
• Robert Rauschenberg
• Human Ray
• Gordon Rice
• Larry Rivers
• James Rosenquist
• Martha Rosler
• Mimmo Rotella
• Anne Ryan
• Kurt Schwitters
• Winston Smith
• Gino Severini
• Lorna Simpson
• John Stezaker
• Daniel Spoerri
• Francois Szalay - Colos
• Roderick Slater
• Nancy Spero
• Linder Sterling
• Sergei Sviatchenko
• Ivan Tabakovic
• Jonathan Talbot
• Lenore Tawney
• Cecil Touchon
• Scott Treleaven
• Fatimah Tuggar
• Jacques Villeglé
• Kara Walker
• Tom Wesselmann

Gallery [edit]

• 

  Georges Braque, Fruitdish and Drinking glass, 1912, papier collé and charcoal on paper

In other contexts [edit]

In architecture [edit]

Though Le Corbusier and other architects used techniques that are akin to collage, collage as a theoretical concept just became widely discussed after the publication of Collage City (1978) past Colin Rowe and Fred Koetter.

Rowe and Koetter were non, however, championing collage in the pictorial sense, much less seeking the types of disruptions of meaning that occur with collage. Instead, they were looking to claiming the uniformity of Modernism and saw collage with its non-linear notion of history equally a means to reinvigorate design practice. Not only does historical urban fabric have its place, but in studying it, designers were, and so it was hoped, able to go a sense of how amend to operate. Rowe was a fellow member of the and then-called Texas Rangers, a grouping of architects who taught at the University of Texas for a while. Another member of that group was Bernhard Hoesli, a Swiss builder who went on to become an important educator at the ETH-Zurirch. Whereas for Rowe, collage was more a metaphor than an bodily practice, Hoesli actively made collages every bit office of his blueprint process. He was close to Robert Slutzky, a New York-based artist, and oftentimes introduced the question of collage and disruption in his studio work.

In music [edit]

The concept of collage has crossed the boundaries of visual arts. In music, with the advances on recording technology, avant-garde artists started experimenting with cutting and pasting since the middle of the twentieth century.

In the 1960s, George Martin created collages of recordings while producing the records of The Beatles. In 1967 pop artist Peter Blake made the collage for the encompass of the Beatles seminal album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Order Band. In the 1970s and 1980s, the likes of Christian Marclay and the grouping Negativland reappropriated former audio in new ways. By the 1990s and 2000s, with the popularity of the sampler, information technology became credible that "musical collages" had become the norm for pop music, especially in rap, hip-hop and electronic music.^[xviii] In 1996, DJ Shadow released the groundbreaking album, Endtroducing....., made entirely of preexisting recorded material mixed together in audible collage. In the same yr, New York City based artist, author, and musician, Paul D. Miller aka DJ Spooky's work pushed the piece of work of sampling into a museum and gallery context as an fine art practise that combined DJ culture'south obsession with archival materials as sound sources on his album Songs of a Dead Dreamer and in his books Rhythm Science (2004) and Sound Unbound (2008) (MIT Press). In his books, "brew-upward" and collage based mixes of authors, artists, and musicians such as Antonin Artaud, James Joyce, William Due south. Burroughs, and Raymond Scott were featured every bit part of a what he called "literature of audio." In 2000, The Avalanches released Since I Left You, a musical collage consisting of approximately 3,500 musical sources (i.e., samples).^[nineteen]

In analogy [edit]

Collage is commonly used as a technique in children's picture book illustration. Eric Carle is a prominent example, using vividly colored manus-textured papers cut to shape and layered together, sometimes embellished with crayon or other marks. See image at The Very Hungry Caterpillar.

In artist's books [edit]

Collage is sometimes used lone or in combination with other techniques in artists' books, specially in one-off unique books rather than as reproduced images in published books.^[xx]

In literature [edit]

Collage novels are books with images selected from other publications and collaged together following a theme or narrative.

The bible of discordianism, the Principia Discordia, is described past its writer as a literary collage. A collage in literary terms may also refer to a layering of ideas or images.

In way pattern [edit]

Collage is utilized in manner design in the sketching procedure, as function of mixed media illustrations, where drawings together with diverse materials such as paper, photographs, yarns or cloth bring ideas into designs.

In film [edit]

Collage film is traditionally defined as, "A film that juxtaposes fictional scenes with footage taken from disparate sources, such as newsreels." Combining different types of footage can have various implications depending on the director'south approach. Collage film can too refer to the physical collaging of materials onto filmstrips. Canadian filmmaker Arthur Lipsett was peculiarly renowned for his collage films, many of which were fabricated from the cut room floors of the National Moving-picture show Board studios.

In post-product [edit]

The apply of CGI, or computer-generated imagery, can be considered a course of collage, peculiarly when blithe graphics are layered over traditional moving picture footage. At certain moments during Amélie (Jean-Pierre Juenet, 2001), the mise en scène takes on a highly fantasized style, including fictitious elements like swirling tunnels of color and lite. David O. Russell'south I Heart Huckabees (2004) incorporates CGI effects to visually demonstrate philosophical theories explained by the existential detectives (played past Lily Tomlin and Dustin Hoffman). In this instance, the effects serve to enhance clarity, while calculation a surreal aspect to an otherwise realistic film.

Legal issues [edit]

When collage uses existing works, the upshot is what some copyright scholars call a derivative work. The collage thus has a copyright split from whatever copyrights pertaining to the original incorporated works.

Due to redefined and reinterpreted copyright laws, and increased fiscal interests, some forms of collage art are significantly restricted. For example, in the expanse of sound collage (such every bit hip hop music), some courtroom rulings effectively have eliminated the de minimis doctrine as a defense to copyright infringement, thus shifting collage practice away from non-permissive uses relying on fair use or de minimis protections, and toward licensing.^[21] Examples of musical collage art that have run afoul of mod copyright are The Grey Album and Negativland's U2.

The copyright condition of visual works is less troubled, although all the same ambiguous. For instance, some visual collage artists accept argued that the first-sale doctrine protects their work. The starting time-sale doctrine prevents copyright holders from controlling consumptive uses after the "commencement sale" of their work, although the Ninth Excursion has held that the start-sale doctrine does non apply to derivative works.^[22] The de minimis doctrine and the fair apply exception as well provide of import defenses confronting claimed copyright infringement.^[23] The Second Circuit in October, 2006, held that artist Jeff Koons was not liable for copyright infringement considering his incorporation of a photograph into a collage painting was fair use.^[24]

Meet also [edit]

• Altered volume
• Cribbing (fine art)
• Assemblage (fine art)
• Card-making
• Estimator graphics
• Cut-up technique
• Décollage
• Détournement
• Illustration
• Mixed media
• Panography
• Paper craft
• Pholage
• Photographic mosaic
• Moving-picture show books
• Audio collage
• Surrealist techniques
• Texture (painting)

References [edit]

Bibliography [edit]

• Adamowicz, Elza (1998). Surrealist Collage in Text and Image: Dissecting the Exquisite Corpse. Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-59204-6.
• Ruddick Bloom, Susan (2006). Digital Collage and Painting: Using Photoshop and Painter to Create Fine Fine art. Focal Press. ISBN0-240-80705-7.
• Museum Factory by Istvan Horkay
• History of Collage Excerpts from Nita Leland and Virginia Lee and from George F. Brommer
• West, Shearer (1996). The Bullfinch Guide to Fine art . UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN0-8212-2137-10.
• Rowe, Colin; Koetter, Fred (1978). Collage City. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN9780262180863.
• Mark Jarzombek, "Bernhard Hoesli Collages/Civitas", Bernhard Hoesli: Collages, exh. cat., Christina Betanzos Pint, editor (Knoxville: University of Tennessee, September 2001), 3-11.
• Taylor, Brandon. Urban walls: a generation of collage in Europe & America: Burhan Dogançay with François Dufrêne, Raymond Hains, Robert Rauschenberg, Mimmo Rotella, Jacques Villeglé, Wolf Vostell. ISBN 9781555952884; OCLC 191318119 (New York: Hudson Hills Press; [Lanham, MD]: Distributed in the U.s.a. by National Book Network, 2008)
• Excavations (Ontological Museum Acquisitions) by Richard Misiano-Genovese

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Enslen, Denise. "Origin of the term "collage"". Archived from the original on 2012-04-12.
2. ^ Collage, essay by Clement Greenberg Retrieved July twenty, 2010
3. ^ ^{a b c} Leland, Nita; Virginia Lee Williams (September 1994). "One". Creative Collage Techniques. North Light Books. p. 7. ISBN0-89134-563-nine.
4. ^ "Overview | the Art Found of Chicago".
5. ^ Art Plant of Chicago, Playing with Pictures
6. ^ "Playing with Pictures: The Art of Victorian Photocollage, Exhibition, The Met Museum, February ii–May nine, 2010". www.metmuseum.org. 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-01-xix. Retrieved 2022-01-17 .
7. ^ "Introduction to collage". Tate Gallery website
8. ^ ^{a b c d} "Guggenheimcollection.org". Archived from the original on 2008-02-xviii. Retrieved 2008-02-09 .
9. ^ ^{a b} "Exploring the Cutting-Border History and Evolution of Collage Art". My Modern Met. 2017-07-14. Retrieved 2021-02-24 .
10. ^ Nature-morte à la chaise cannée Archived 2005-03-05 at the Wayback Automobile - Musée National Picasso Paris
11. ^ (cf. S. Stealingworth, 1980, p. 31)
12. ^ Kurt-schwitters.org
13. ^ "Louise Nevelson, Sky Cathedral 1958". The Museum of Modern Fine art. Retrieved 2019-xi-thirteen .
14. ^ "Sky Cathedral", MoMA Highlights, New York: The Museum of Mod Art , revised 2004, originally published 1999, p. 222
15. ^ "This is tomorrow" Archived 2010-01-15 at the Wayback Machine, thisistomorrow2.com (coil to "paradigm 027TT-1956.jpg"). Retrieved 27 Baronial 2008.
16. ^ "Just what is it" Archived 2008-11-21 at the Wayback Car, pchelm.com. Retrieved 27 August 2008.
17. ^ Yuri Rydkin "WITHIN (photo collages)". Sygma . Retrieved 8 January 2021. // Foreword: art critic Теймур Даими, photo artist Василий Ломакин, literary critic Елена Зейферт.
18. ^ Guy Garcia (June 1991). "Play It Again, Sampler". Fourth dimension. Archived from the original on June 8, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-27 .
19. ^ Mark Pytlik (Nov 2006). "The Avalanches". Sound on Sound. Archived from the original on 2012-02-06. Retrieved 2007-06-16 .
20. ^ "Wireless Presentation | Technology Services | VCU".
21. ^ See Bridgeport Music, sixth Cir.
22. ^ Mirage Editions, Inc. v. Albuquerque A.R.T. Co., 856 F.2d 1341 (9th Cir. 1989)
23. ^ See the Off-white Use Network for further explanations.
24. ^ Blanch five. Koons, -- F.3d --, 2006 WL 3040666 (2d Cir. Oct. 26, 2006)

External links [edit]

Look upward collage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Collage.

• Collageart.org, an extensive website devoted to the art of collage
• Clement Greenberg on collage
• Exhibition of traditional and digital collage by many artists - curated past Jonathan Talbot in 2001
• Cecil Touchon's International Museum of Collage, Aggregation and Structure
• Kolaj magazine, a print magazine about gimmicky collage.
• Creative person Deborah Harris "The Procedure of Collage"
• "v Smoothen Collage Artists that Knew How to Put the Pieces Together"

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collage

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